The influence of stand-off distance on the penetration characteristics of Toroidal Explosively Formed Projectile (TEFP)
Abstract
The penetration and reaming performance of a toroidal explosively formed projectile (TEFP) warhead with a charge diameter (D) of 56 mm was investigated when it was used to penetrate Q235 steel targets that were 10 mm thick at different stand-off distances (h) Thought the experimental and numerical result, the formation and penetration mechanisms of TEFP was revealed, and the differences between the radial and axial velocities in various portions of the TEFP were the primary causes of the TEFP expansion and rupture. When the TEFP tail has not completely ruptured and detached (h < 2.14D), TEFP has a strong penetration ability, resulting in TEFP perforating the target plate. The perforation process included three phases: pit opening, plastic hole expansion, and shear-block formation; these phases had average energy consumption ratios of 26.0%, 56.8%, and 17.2%, respectively. Finally, a method of evaluating the perforation and reaming capability of the TEFP was developed and used to identify the optimal stand-off distance, h₀ = 1.96D, which produced a penetration hole with a diameter of 1.875D.
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