Stage-wise analytical modeling and full-scale validation of TRC-strengthened RC beams under sustained loading: application to 30-year-old bridge members
Abstract
This study presents a stage-wise sectional analytical model for reinforced concrete (RC) beams strengthened with carbon textile-reinforced concrete (TRC) under sustained loading. The formulation accounts for pre-cracking, partial unloading, residual curvature, and TRC activation under non-zero initial strain. The TRC layer is modeled with bilinear tensile behavior, while tension stiffening and residual tensile effects of cracked concrete are included. The model is validated using full-scale bridge beams after about 30 years of service, tested under realistic conditions. The strengthened beam shows an increase of about 25% in ultimate load and improved crack control, with crack width and spacing reduced to one-third to one-half of the control beam. Strain results confirm effective stress redistribution and high textile utilization. Predictions agree well with experiments, with discrepancies within 5–10%. Compared with design guidelines, Z-31.10-182 is closest, while ACI 549.4R-20 and CNR-DT 215/2018 overestimate capacity. The model provides a reliable framework for assessing TRC-strengthened RC members under realistic conditions.
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